Module 2: Fixtures & parametrize

In Module 1 every test repeated the same lines — BASE_URL, a fresh requests.get(...). That copy-paste is exactly what fixtures remove. In this module you’ll factor setup into fixtures, give them teardown and the right scope, share them across files with conftest.py, run one test over many inputs with @pytest.mark.parametrize, and tag tests with markers. These four features are what turn a pile of test functions into a maintainable suite.

Keep TestMarket Lab running at http://localhost:3000 and your .venv active.

🎬 Video coming soon

Module 2: fixtures & parametrize at a glance — slide guide Slides — opens in a new tab

The problem: repeated setup

Look at two tests from Module 1 — the first two lines are identical, and every test rebuilds the same base URL:

BASE_URL = "http://localhost:3000"

def test_products():
    products = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/api/products").json()
    assert len(products) > 0

def test_electronics():
    products = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/api/products", params={"category": "electronics"}).json()
    assert len(products) > 0

If the URL changes, or you want every test to start from a clean database, you’d edit every test. Fixtures give you one place to prepare what tests need.

Remember: when several tests repeat the same setup (a base URL, a client, a clean database), that’s the signal to extract a fixture.

Your first fixture

A fixture is a function decorated with @pytest.fixture. A test requests it by putting its name in the test’s parameter list — pytest runs the fixture and passes its return value in.

import pytest
import requests


@pytest.fixture
def base_url():
    return "http://localhost:3000"


def test_products(base_url):
    response = requests.get(f"{base_url}/api/products")
    assert response.status_code == 200

base_url is no longer a global — test_products declares it as a parameter, and pytest “injects” it. This is dependency injection: the test says what it needs, pytest provides it.

Remember: @pytest.fixture turns a function into reusable setup; a test gets it by naming it as a parameter. pytest matches the name and injects the return value — no manual calls.

Setup, teardown, and `yield`

Real setup often needs cleanup afterwards. A fixture that yields runs the code before the yield as setup, hands the value to the test, then runs the code after the yield as teardown — even if the test fails.

import pytest
import requests

BASE_URL = "http://localhost:3000"


@pytest.fixture
def api():
    # setup: a Session reuses the TCP connection across requests
    session = requests.Session()
    yield session          # the test runs here
    # teardown: always runs, even if the test raised
    session.close()


def test_products_with_session(api):
    response = api.get(f"{BASE_URL}/api/products")
    assert response.status_code == 200

Everything before yield is arrange; everything after is cleanup. No try/finally needed — pytest guarantees the teardown runs.

Remember: a yield fixture is setup-before / teardown-after in one function; the teardown runs even when the test fails, so it replaces try/finally for cleanup.

Fixture scope: don’t redo expensive setup

By default a fixture runs once per test (function scope). For setup that’s safe to share, widen the scope so it runs once per module or once per whole session:

import pytest
import requests


@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def base_url():
    # built once for the entire test run
    return "http://localhost:3000"


@pytest.fixture(scope="module")
def all_products(base_url):
    # fetched once per test file, reused by every test in it
    return requests.get(f"{base_url}/api/products").json()


def test_has_products(all_products):
    assert len(all_products) > 0


def test_products_have_names(all_products):
    assert all("name" in p for p in all_products)

Scope	Runs
`function` (default)	once per test
`class`	once per test class
`module`	once per `.py` file
`session`	once per whole `pytest` run

Use the narrowest scope that’s correct. Wider scope is faster but means tests share state — fine for read-only data like base_url, risky for anything a test mutates.

Remember: fixture scope (function→class→module→session) trades isolation for speed. Default to function; widen only for setup that’s read-only or safe to share.

`conftest.py`: share fixtures across files

Fixtures you want in every test file go in a special file named conftest.py. pytest loads it automatically — no import needed — for every test in that folder and below.

import pytest
import requests


@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def base_url():
    return "http://localhost:3000"


@pytest.fixture
def api(base_url):
    session = requests.Session()
    yield session
    session.close()


@pytest.fixture
def reset_db(base_url):
    """Reseed TestMarket Lab before the test, so it starts from a known state."""
    requests.post(f"{base_url}/api/reset")
    yield
    # No teardown needed: reseeding *before* each test is enough — the next test
    # that wants a clean slate just requests reset_db and reseeds itself. Adding a
    # second reset here would only double the work.

Now any test in tests/ can request base_url, api, or reset_db directly:

def test_clean_db_has_seed_products(reset_db, base_url, api):
    products = api.get(f"{base_url}/api/products").json()
    assert len(products) == 15   # the seed always has 15 products

reset_db is the SDET superpower: each test starts from a known state, so tests can’t pollute each other. (We go deeper on data setup/teardown in Module 5.)

Remember: conftest.py holds fixtures shared across files — pytest finds it automatically, no import. A reset_db fixture that reseeds before each test gives every test a known starting state.

`@pytest.mark.parametrize`: one test, many inputs

When the same test logic should run over several inputs, don’t copy the function — parametrize it. pytest runs the test once per row and reports each as a separate result.

import pytest
import requests

BASE_URL = "http://localhost:3000"


@pytest.mark.parametrize("category", ["electronics", "accessories", "furniture"])
def test_category_filter(category):
    response = requests.get(f"{BASE_URL}/api/products", params={"category": category})
    assert response.status_code == 200
    products = response.json()
    assert len(products) > 0
    assert all(p["category"] == category for p in products)

Running it shows three independent tests:

test_parametrize.py::test_category_filter[electronics] PASSED
test_parametrize.py::test_category_filter[accessories] PASSED
test_parametrize.py::test_category_filter[furniture] PASSED

You can parametrize multiple arguments per row — perfect for input/expected-output tables, the bread and butter of API testing:

import pytest
import requests

BASE_URL = "http://localhost:3000"


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "email, password, expected_status",
    [
        ("[email protected]", "customer123", 200),   # valid login
        ("[email protected]", "wrongpass", 401),      # bad password
        ("", "", 400),                                # missing fields
    ],
)
def test_login_states(email, password, expected_status):
    response = requests.post(
        f"{BASE_URL}/api/auth/login", json={"email": email, "password": password}
    )
    assert response.status_code == expected_status

One function now covers the happy path and two failure modes — and a fourth case is just one more row.

Remember: @pytest.mark.parametrize("a, b", [(...), (...)]) runs the test once per row, each reported separately (test[case]). It’s the clean way to cover happy path + edge cases without duplicating the function.

Markers: tag and select tests

A marker labels a test so you can run a subset or change how it runs. You apply one with @pytest.mark.<name>. pytest has built-in markers, and you can register your own.

Built-in: `skip` and `xfail`

import pytest


@pytest.mark.skip(reason="endpoint not implemented yet")
def test_future_feature():
    ...


@pytest.mark.xfail(reason="known bug: returns 200 instead of 404")
def test_known_bug():
    assert 1 == 2   # expected to fail; won't break the suite

Custom markers for grouping

[pytest]
testpaths = tests
markers =
    smoke: a fast, critical subset to run first
    api: tests that hit the REST API

Tag tests and select them with -m:

@pytest.mark.smoke
@pytest.mark.api
def test_products_up():
    ...

pytest -m smoke            # only smoke tests
pytest -m "api and not smoke"

Remember: @pytest.mark.skip/xfail skip or tolerate-failure a test; custom markers (registered in pytest.ini) tag tests so -m "smoke" runs just that subset. -m selects by marker, -k selects by name.

Putting it together against TestMarket Lab

A small, realistic file that uses a shared conftest.py (the one above), parametrize, and a clean-database fixture:

import pytest


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "category, present",
    [
        ("electronics", True),
        ("accessories", True),
        ("furniture", True),
        ("nonexistent", False),   # filter that matches nothing → empty list
    ],
)
def test_category_presence(reset_db, base_url, api, category, present):
    products = api.get(f"{base_url}/api/products", params={"category": category}).json()
    assert (len(products) > 0) is present
    assert all(p["category"] == category for p in products)


def test_reset_restores_seed_count(reset_db, base_url, api):
    # reset_db reseeded first, so the count is the known seed total
    products = api.get(f"{base_url}/api/products").json()
    assert len(products) == 15

reset_db, base_url, and api all come from conftest.py with no imports; category and present come from parametrize. Notice the empty-filter case (nonexistent) passes cleanly because all(...) over an empty list is True.

Remember: fixtures (shared setup) + parametrize (input tables) compose — a test can take both injected setup and per-row data in the same parameter list. That combination is the shape of most real API test suites.

Exercises

Work in your python-sdet project with TestMarket Lab running. Build a tests/conftest.py and the test files below; run with pytest -v.

Exercise 1 — A `base_url` fixture (5 min)

Move the hardcoded BASE_URL from your Module 1 tests into a session-scoped base_url fixture in conftest.py. Update two existing tests to request it as a parameter instead of using the global. Confirm they still pass.

Exercise 2 — An `api` session fixture with teardown (10 min)

Add an api fixture that yields a requests.Session() and closes it after. Use it in a test that makes two requests (e.g. list products, then fetch one by id) and confirm both run over the one session.

Exercise 3 — A `reset_db` fixture (10 min)

Add a reset_db fixture that POSTs to /api/reset before yielding. Write a test that: adds a product via POST /api/products, then a second test that asserts the product count is back to 15 — proving reset_db isolated them. (Order-independence is the point.)

Write one parametrized test covering: valid login → 200, wrong password → 401, missing fields → 400, and unknown email → 401. Each case is a row of (email, password, expected_status).

Exercise 5 — Markers (10 min)

Register smoke and api markers in pytest.ini. Tag your fastest, most critical test as @pytest.mark.smoke. Run pytest -m smoke and confirm only it runs. Then xfail a test that asserts something currently false and confirm the suite still reports green.

Bonus — `parametrize` with `ids`

Give your login parametrize readable case names with the ids= argument — one id per row, so a 4-case test needs 4 ids (e.g. ids=["valid", "bad-password", "missing-fields", "unknown-email"]) so the output reads test_login_states[valid] instead of the raw values. Check pytest -v.

In Module 3 we go all-in on API testing with requests — GET/POST/PUT/DELETE across the full /api/* surface, status codes, JSON bodies, query params, and headers.

Module 2: Fixtures & parametrize

The problem: repeated setup

Your first fixture

Setup, teardown, and yield

Fixture scope: don’t redo expensive setup

conftest.py: share fixtures across files

@pytest.mark.parametrize: one test, many inputs

Markers: tag and select tests

Built-in: skip and xfail